# Pheromones and Behavior

**URL:** <https://pheromonetalk.com/t/pheromones-and-behavior/13532>\
**Category:** Studies & Abstracts\
**Created:** [June 5, 2008, 5:01am UTC](https://pheromonetalk.com/t/pheromones-and-behavior/13532 "2008-06-05T05:01:34Z")\
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**Author:** ![Bella](https://sea2.discourse-cdn.com/flex016/user_avatar/pheromonetalk.com/bella/32/1738_2.png) [@Bella](https://pheromonetalk.com/u/Bella)\
**Post date:** [June 5, 2008, 5:01am UTC](https://pheromonetalk.com/t/pheromones-and-behavior/13532/1 "2008-06-05T05:01:34Z")

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Pheromone Science  
Issued US Patent

Pheromone Sciences Issued U.S. Patent on  
Pheromone Sciences Corp (TSX-V: PHS) a  
developer of fertility prediction medical devices for  
both human and large animal applications, today  
announced that the U.S. Patent Office has issued  
patent No. 6,592,529 covering Pheromone’s  
sensing and reporting technology in the early  
prediction of ovulation for female mammals,  
including humans, using innovative measurements  
of sweat ion concentrations. Fertility prediction and  
detection is of daily interest to the lives of millions  
of women across the United States.

“This patent will serve as a valuable asset as we  
work through licensing opportunities with potential  
strategic partners in both the human and large  
animal marketplaces”, remarked Christopher  
Neuman, President and CEO of Pheromone  
Sciences. “The patent recognizes the propriety  
position of Pheromone’s unique technology for  
ovulation detection through the non invasive  
measurement of sweat ion constituents and  
demonstrates our ongoing commitment to the  
development of a comprehensive intellectual  
property portfolio.”

Hormones and Behavior  
\*Volume 44, Issue 5, December 2003, Pages \*  
_395-401_

Psychological effects of subthreshold exposure to  
the putative human pheromone  
**4,16-androstadien-3-one** - Johan N. Lundström,  
a, Miguel Gonçalvesb, Francisco Estevesb and  
Mats J. Olssona, Department of Psychology,  
Uppsala University, Uppsala: Sweden Universidade  
Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon,  
Portugal

Research on human [putative pheromones](https://pheromonelabs.com/product-category/advanced-pheromones/putative-pheromones/) has  
recently focused on the effects of exposure to  
4,16-androstadien-3-one (androstadienone). This  
steroid has been observed in the skin, axillary hair,  
and blood plasma, primarily in males. In addition to  
effects of the steroid on measures of physiological  
arousal and brain blood flow, positive mood effects  
have also been reported. The current study further  
investigated mood effects of androstadienone  
exposure (250 M) in women in two experiments.  
Through psychophysical testing of each individual  
we controlled for whether any observed mood  
effects could be related to sensory detection of the  
steroid. In both experiments, we observed positive  
changes of women’s feeling of being focused,  
which could not be related to sensory detection of  
the steroid. Overall, the patterns of results were  
significantly correlated between the two  
experiments. In conclusion, this study corroborates  
earlier findings suggesting that androstadienone  
exposure yields effects on women’s mood; the  
feeling of being focused. The mood effects were  
not dependent on menstrual cycle phase. Further,  
these effects are replicable and occur also when  
androstadienone detection is rigorously controlled  
for across variation in menstrual cycle.y

- **Psychoneuroendocrinology** 2004  
Nov;29(10):1290-9. Related Articles,  
Links

Sniffing a human sex-steroid derived  
compound affects mood and autonomic  
arousal in a dose-dependent manner.

Bensafi M, Tsutsui T, Khan R, Levenson  
RW, Sobel N.

Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, 3210  
Tolman Hall MC 1650, University of  
California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA  
94720, USA. [bensafi@uclink.berkeley](mailto:bensafi@uclink.berkeley).  
edu

The effects of sniffing different  
concentrations of the human sex-steroid  
derived compound **4,16-androstadien-**  
**3-one (AND)** on autonomic nervous  
system function and mood were  
measured in 60 subjects. The effects  
were sex-specific and concentration-  
dependent. Only high concentrations of  
AND (0.00625 M) increased positive  
mood (p \< 0.03) and decreased negative  
mood (p \< 0.05) in women compared to  
men, and had sympathetic-like effects in  
women (p \< 0.003), and parasympathetic-  
like effects in men (p \< 0.05). These  
findings further implicate AND in chemical  
communication between humans, but  
pose questions as to the path by which  
AND is transduced, whether through  
chemical sensing or transdermal  
diffusion.

Publication Types:  
Clinical Trial  
Randomized Controlled Trial

PMID: 15288708 [PubMed - indexed for  
MEDLINE]

**Physiology Behavior** 2001 Sep 1-15;  
74(1-2):15-27. Related Articles, Links

Context-dependent effects of steroid  
chemosignals on human physiology and  
mood.

Jacob S, Hayreh DJ, McClintock MK.

Department of Psychology, University of  
Chicago, 5730 South Woodlawn Avenue,  
Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

We examined the physiological and  
psychological effects of nanomolar  
amounts of steroids applied directly  
under the nose **(Delta4,16-**  
\*\*androstadien-3-one and \*\***1,3,5,(10),16-**  
**estratetraen-3-ol).** These potential  
human chemosignals were not  
consciously discernible in a strong-odor  
carrier (clove oil and propylene glycol). In  
a double-blind, within-subject, repeated-  
measures experiment with 65 subjects,  
we demonstrated that both steroids  
produced sustained changes in digit skin  
temperature and palmar skin  
conductance (an indicator of sympathetic  
nervous system tone) while the subjects  
were completing psychological  
questionnaires or reading. These effects,  
however, did not follow the sex-  
stereotyped pattern predicted by a sex  
attractant function. Both  
androstadienone and estratetraenol  
raised the skin temperature of men’s  
hands and lowered it in women. Likewise,  
each steroid increased skin  
conductance, with a significantly greater  
effect on women than men. Women’s  
responses were observed only in the  
sessions run by the male tester, an effect  
that may or may not be solely attributable  
to tester sex. Men’s responses, in  
contrast, were not affected by this  
difference in socioexperimental condition.  
Similarly, women experienced an  
immediate increase in positive mood only  
in the presence of the male tester, while  
men’s responses were unaffected by this  
socioexperimental context. One source of  
this sex difference may be the fact that  
the majority of women were in the late  
follicular phase of their menstrual cycle.  
Although it is premature to classify these  
steroids as pheromones, our data  
suggest that they function as  
chemosignals that modulate autonomic  
nervous system tone as well as  
psychological state.

Publication Types:  
Clinical Trial  
Randomized Controlled Trial

PMID: 11564447 [PubMed - indexed for  
MEDLINE]

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words" CONTENT=“pheromone, pheromones, scientific pheromone facts, pheromone perfumes, pheromone colognes,”\>