'Agricultural specialisterne': rural employment revolution for those with Autism

The above post mentioned symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. ADHD is a common co-diagnosis in individuals with Autism. An interesting book on the subject, originally published in 2001, is Reweaving the Autistic Tapestry: Autism, Asperger’s Syndrome, and Adhd by Lisa Blakemore-Brown. The author highlighted something that had never really been detailed before - the interwoven nature of the two disorders.

Below are some studies in the last few years examining the relationship between the two disorders, and questioning why and how often they co-exist in the same individuals and families…

(sources: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in c… [J Atten Disord. 2009] - PubMed - NCBI; Shared heritability of attentio… [Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010] - PubMed - NCBI; Checking your browser - reCAPTCHA)

Jungle Memory is another intervention targeting working memory that can help children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and various other brain differences. Jungle Memory is a program which is designed to be used over an 8 week period for kids aged 6-16.

Dr Tracy Alloway is the person behind the Jungle Memory programme. She has consistently made the case that working memory is a bigger predictor of academic achievement than IQ. Alloway has repeatedly led cutting-edge research on the importance of Working Memory in education: Tracy Packiam Alloway, PhD

Below are details of a clinical trial with Autism Treatment Trust utilising Jungle Memory in kids with A.S.D. The trial, whose findings were presented at the Scottish Autism Research Group (SARG) conference in 2010, demonstrated that students with A.S.D. who used Jungle Memory regularly had higher scores in tests of IQ, working memory, and language…

(sources: http://junglememory.com/pages/who_can_benefit; Autism Treatment Trust| Working Memory)

I have mentioned in various earlier posts from mid July to late August last year, beginning with this one, the ‘niche construction’ approach advocated by Dr. Thomas Armstrong. It is based upon the idea of modifying the environment to suit each brain’s unique needs (for example the needs of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders).

Such an approach would seem to be the opposite to the approach favoured by those who believe in treatments to ‘correct’ brain differences (for example for those people with Autism Spectrum Disorders).

Here is what Dr. Thomas Armstrong had to say on the matter in his blog:

Indeed, while accommodations for people with brain differences are no doubt gaining popularity (including in schools), conditions like Autism Spectrum Disorders are still something often seen as differences that need to be treated in order to ‘normalise’ these individuals’ brains. One well established school/program that seeks to strengthen brain weaknesses via an extensive system of cognitive exercises is that founded through the work of Barbara Arrowsmith Young…

(sources: Neurodiversity Forever | Dr. Armstrong’s Blog; Brain Fitness Pro Training Blog Blog Archive Norman Doidge ? Building A Better Brain)

In the above post I wrote about Barbara Arrowsmith Young and the school/program that she founded, which is based on overcoming an individual’s ‘weaknesses’ rather than compensating for them. Indeed, as Dr. Thomas Armstrong points out in the above post, there is no reason why both approaches cannot co-exist side by side: compensating for a person’s weaknesses (for example see this post on Specialisterne’s workplace accommodations) as well as working to strengthen weaknesses (as in the case of the Arrowsmith program).

The unique aspect of the Arrowsmith program are the computer and auditory exercises developed by Barbara Arrowsmith Young for the 19 areas that lead to the most common learning difficulties (termed learning dysfunctions). Each specific learning dysfunction identified by Arrowsmith Young is explained in detail via this link: The 19 Learning Dysfunctions | Eaton Arrowsmith School

The Arrowsmith program may be suitable for some individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders, although it does not directly address A.S.D. Individuals with severe Autism are not accepted to the program but those with Asperger’s Syndrome or High Functioning Autism may be great candidates for success…

(sources: Arrowsmith School - Strengthening Learning Capacities | Brain and Head Health; http://www.arrowsmithschool.org/arrowsmithschool-toronto/faqs.html#pab1_10)

Barbara Arrowsmith Young is actually currently in Australia promoting her new book, The Woman Who Changed Her Brain: And Other Inspiring Stories of Pioneering Brain Transformation…

Barbara Arrowsmith Young had previously had a chapter devoted to her work in Norman Doidge’s 2007 book, The Brain that Changes itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science…

(sources: Why I Wrote The Woman Who Changed Her Brain | SharpBrains; Brain Fitness Pro Training Blog brain-that-changes-itself)

Another book written on the subject of cognitive remediation exercises is Brain School: Stories of children with learning disabilities and attention disorders who changed their lives by improving their cognitive functioning by Howard Eaton. As the name would suggest, the book follows nine real case studies of children as their neurological functioning improves. In the book, Eaton draws upon his own experience and knowledge gained since starting the Eaton Arrowsmith School in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in January 2005…

The Eaton Cognitive Improvement Centre (ECIC) also in Vancouver follows the Arrowsmith Program but is specifically targeted at young adults rather than school-age children…

(sources: Q and A with Howard Eaton | Eaton Arrowsmith School; Eaton Cognitive Improvement Centre | Unlocking Neurological Potential)

Below is a full testimonial from some parents of children who attended an Eaton Arrowsmith School (EAS) in Vancouver, Canada.

Note several key points:

  • the fact that, possibly by implementing biomedical interventions, one of their boys who had been previously diagnosed with Autism, scored above the cut-off for autism aid; there is a reality in support services everywhere that need does not always equal appropriate support given by the authorities; so, for example, a child with an Autism diagnosis (even with a relatively high functioning form) may attract more support from a public school system than the support given to a child with a standalone learning disability;
  • the dedication of the parents (for example moving from the San Francisco (in the United States) to Vancouver just to get their two sons to the right school for their needs);
  • the parents mentioned that the EAS was what the family needed for the previous four years; they regretted not intervening earlier by sending one of their sons (who they mention as ‘recovering from autism’) to the EAS earlier; I have mentioned the importance of early intervention for Autism (while the brain is still developing at a rapid rate) a number of times before;
  • the way that going to an environment specifically tailored to those in similar situations as themselves, can result in positives for both the parents (not having to worry about excessively ‘burdening’ the principal or school) and their kids (more friends, higher self-esteem, better performance at school)…

(source: Testimonials – International Students | Eaton Arrowsmith School)

Another cognitive training approach that could be useful for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders is Lumosity.

Lumosity is an online site with a wide variety of brain training exercises. There are over 30 exercises to choose from focusing on different areas such as Speed, Attention, Problem Solving, Memory and Flexibility…

(source: http://www.braintraining101.com/mind-sparke-and-lumosity/)

Other than working memory deficits, another issue that some (and possibly many) Autistic individuals may struggle with is cognitive flexibility, including shifting the focus of attention. The studies however are inconclusive as to whether this is evident in most Autistic individuals. The following exert, from a 2011 study by Van Eylen et al, shows that it may indeed be a problem for many Autistic children…

Lumosity, mentioned in yesterday’s post, actually includes exercises/games that help train Task Switching:

(sources: https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/295498/2/Van+Eylen+et+al+RASD+2011.pdf; Flexibility Games by Lumosity | Challenge Your Flexible Thinking)

Another company that has cognitive exercise games is called Mind360.com. Their full set of games can be viewed via this link: Games - Mind 360 - Play Smart

The list includes another game that focuses on Task Switching, called Think Fast:

(sources: http://www.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/research/DNL/personalpages/aks/Brain%20Cognition%20w-RachelTony.pdf; THINK FAST - An Exciting New Task Switching Brain Trainer from MIND360 by Mind360)

Led by Professor Mark W. Baldwin, a team at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, has been studying ‘social acceptance’ and ‘self-esteem’ for years. Of course, these are issues that almost all individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorders struggle with on a daily basis. Their social perculiarities may result in regular disapointment and rejection perhaps leading them to try less hard (and even to give up trying). Something like this may help break the vicious cycle for these individuals. So while McGill University’s research does not focus on any specific disorders, it might nevertheless be useful for Autistic individuals:

MindHabits is a science-based video game that has come out of the research. Available to download online, regular playing of the game is said to help reduce stress and build self-confidence:

(sources: THE FUTURIST: Video Games and Behavioral Modification 01.01.09; http://www.mindhabits.com/how_it_works.php)

A New Zealand company, BrightMind Labs, has created MyFriendQuest - a game that teaches children with Autism Spectrum Disorders to better recognise and respond to emotions from facial expressions. MyFriendQuest’s target market is parents of children on the higher functioning end of the Autism Spectrum:

Fraser Hurrell is the CEO and Co-Founder of BrightMind LABS; a Chartered Accountant with a strong interest in the process of bringing great ideas to fruition. Dr Yvett Salma Ahmad is a Clinical Psychologist and co-director of The Starfish Clinic in Whangarei and Auckland. Her job is to ensure the clinical integrity of MyFriendQuest:

(sources: http://www.myfriendquest.com/guide.pdf; Starfish Clinic - Independent Specialist Centre for Child, Youth, Adult and Family Psychological Medicine)

Dr Ahmad is a Clinical Psychologist and co-director of The Starfish Clinic in Whangarei and Auckland, New Zealand…

Her job is to ensure the clinical integrity of MyFriendQuest, which combines Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) with immersive gaming principles.

Indeed, the results of a pilot clinical trial, evaluating the effectiveness of MyFriendQuest, were presented at the 2010 Congress of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists:

(sources: http://www.starfishclinic.com/yvette-ahmad/; Computer game helps children with Asperger’s - New Zealand Doctor)

Dr Ahmad is a Clinical Psychologist and co-director of The Starfish Clinic in Whangarei and Auckland, New Zealand…

Her job is to ensure the clinical integrity of MyFriendQuest, which combines Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) with immersive gaming principles.

Indeed, the results of a pilot clinical trial, evaluating the effectiveness of MyFriendQuest, were presented at the 2010 Congress of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists:

(sources: http://www.starfishclinic.com/yvette-ahmad/; http://www.nzdoctor.co.nz/un-doctored/2010/may-2010/10/computer-game-helps-children-with-asperger%E2%80%99s.aspx)

Dr Ahmad is a Clinical Psychologist and co-director of The Starfish Clinic in Whangarei and Auckland, on the North Island of New Zealand. She is also the creator of MyFriendQuest, which combines Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) with immersive gaming principles, helping to teach high functioning Autistic children how to recognise and respond appropriately to emotions.

Dr Ahmad has great regard for the work of Dr Tony Attwood:

I have already briefly mentioned Tony Attwood in a previous post. He is an English psychologist, now living in Queensland, Australia, who has written several books on Asperger’s Syndrome. His sharing of his immense knowledge in this field includes DVDs, including one entitled Asperger’s, Autism & Girls…

(sources: http://www.starfishclinic.com/yvette-ahmad/; http://pt-pt.facebook.com/BrightMindLABS/posts/420378913918; Tony Attwood - Author of The Complete Guide to Asperger’s Syndrome - Asperger’s, Autism & Girls - DVD by Tony Attwood)

Dr Ahmad is a Clinical Psychologist and co-director of The Starfish Clinic in Whangarei and Auckland, on the North Island of New Zealand. She is also the creator of MyFriendQuest, which combines Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) with immersive gaming principles, helping to teach high functioning Autistic children how to recognise and respond appropriately to emotions.

As well as mentioning the work of Kari Dunn Buron (which I have informed readers of in this post), Dr Ahmad mentions Tony Attwood’s books on Anxiety and Anger issues:

The publications she is talking about by Tony Attwood are his two 2004 programs, Exploring Feelings: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy to Manage Anger and Exploring Feelings. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy to Manage Anxiety. An example of one approach from the program is as follows:

(sources: http://www.starfishclinic.com/yvette-ahmad/; http://www.facebook.com/BrightMindLABS?v=wall&filter=2; http://www.myfriendquest.com/guide.pdf)

Dr Ahmad is a Clinical Psychologist and co-director of The Starfish Clinic in Whangarei and Auckland, New Zealand. She is also the creator of MyFriendQuest, which combines Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) with gaming principles, helping to teach high functioning Autistic children how to recognise and respond appropriately to emotions…

Nigel Latta is a Clinical Psychologist, Author and TV Presenter in New Zealand. He, like Dr. Darold A. Treffert in an earlier post, emphasises the importance of correct diagnosis. In particular, Latta emphasises going to the best health professionals to minimise potential problems like misdiagnosis…

(sources: The Big Idea | BrightMind LABS; Humans.org.nz Blog Archive Common sense is not common)

Dr Ahmad is a Clinical Psychologist and co-director of The Starfish Clinic in Whangarei and Auckland, in New Zealand’s North Island. She is also the creator of MyFriendQuest, which combines Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) with gaming principles, helping to teach high functioning Autistic children how to recognise and respond appropriately to emotions…

The article Dr Ahmad talks about focuses on a network of out-of-school clubs in south-west England, run by the National Autistic Society (NAS)…

(sources: BrightMind LABS | Facebook; A safe haven for children with Asperger’s syndrome | Education | The Guardian)

In an earlier post, I mentioned, in passing, sand tray therapy.

Here is more on ‘The World Technique’, ‘Sandplay Therapy’, and symbolic work…

Like other creative pursuits, sandplay may be of use as an alternative form of communication for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders…

(sources: http://www.northcoastpsychotherapy.com.au/sandplay.html; Aspen Therapy - Sand Tray Therapy)

In an earlier post, I also mentioned, briefly, narrative therapy. What has come to be known as narrative therapy was originally developed by Australian Michael White and New Zealander David Epston in the mid 1980s…

Andrew Cashin is someone who has done research on the use of narrative therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Below is an exert of a paper on how one (Asperger’s Syndrome) individual’s meltdowns were reduced using narrative therapy…

(sources: About Narrative Therapy; Attorney Digital Marketing Agency - Local SEO)