"Aromatic composition consisting of HLA molecules
…SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of this invention is to develop a perfume composition which makes it possible to produce odor-specific substances on the basis of a selection of certain alleles of olfactorily relevant genes and subsequent treatment of their synthesis products; in the form of two separate formulations, these substances should then impart a different but mutual attractiveness to different partners.
…In the preferred perfume combination according to this invention, the product produced according forms a combination unit with a second product which is also produced by the method, with the provision that the selected allele for the second product is a different allele than the allele for the first product. The allele for the second product also differs by at least one feature from other alleles of the HLA class I molecules. This feature is a so-called rare feature which occurs in less 5%, preferably less than 1% of the world’s population (allele frequency).
The combined unit includes two perfume formulations, one of which is provided for or is to be assigned to different partners, preferably different partners of different sexes."
“AROMATIC COMPOSITION CONSISTING OF HLA MOLECULES
Abstract:
…The invention relates to novel aromatic compositions consisting of HLA molecules, which two different potential perfume carriers are assigned. The invention aims at developing novel aromatic compositions consisting of HLA molecules based on the selection of alleles of genes which are relevant from an olfactory viewpoint and subsequent processing thereof. According to the invention, the aromatic compositions are produced by selecting one allele amongst known class I HLA alleles, which differs in at least one characteristic from other alleles of HLA class I molecules and which is present in less than 5% of individuals of the world population; the protein that is coded for by the selected allele undergoes assembly in the presence of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m); the formed HLA class I molecules are purified with the bonded peptides and fragmented with the protease, and the odor-active substances resulting from fragmentation are added as individual components or as a mixture to a cosmetic preparation…”
[below is a recent study investigating subjective preferences and brain evoked responses to body odours in males and females as a function of HLA similarity between odour donor and smeller - Visionary]1: [Proc Biol Sci.](javascript:AL_get(this, ‘jour’, ‘Proc Biol Sci.’) 2006 Feb 22;273(1585):471-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query/egifs/http:–royalsociety.metapress.com-images-free-full-text.gif [Links](javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu16615215) The human brain is a detector of chemosensorily transmitted HLA-class I-similarity in same- and opposite-sex relations.
Ferstl R ("Ferstl R"[Author] - Search Results - PubMed).
Institute of Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 62, 24098 Kiel, Germany. bettina.pause@uni-duesseldorf.de
Studies on subjective body odour ratings suggest that humans exhibit preferences for human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-dissimilar persons. However, with regard to the extreme polymorphism of the HLA gene loci, the behavioural impact of the proposed HLA-related attracting signals seems to be minimal. Furthermore, the role of HLA-related chemosignals in same- and opposite-sex relations in humans has not been specified so far. Here, we investigate subjective preferences and brain evoked responses to body odours in males and females as a function of HLA similarity between odour donor and smeller. We show that pre-attentive processing of body odours of HLA-similar donors is faster and that late evaluative processing of these chemosignals activates more neuronal resources than the processing of body odours of HLA-dissimilar donors. In same-sex smelling conditions, HLA-associated brain responses show a different local distribution in male (frontal) and female subjects (parietal). The electrophysiological results are supported by significant correlations between the odour ratings and the amplitudes of the brain potentials. We conclude that odours of HLA-similar persons function as important social warning signals in inter- and intrasexual human relations. Such HLA-related chemosignals may contribute to female and male mate choice as well as to male competitive behaviour.
PMID: 16615215 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Unless there is substantial difference between the HLA markers,
then (perhaps) when a woman gets pregnant, her immune system responds to the embryonic growth as if it were a tumor,
but if
the HLA markers of the embryo are materially different, then (perhaps) Early Pregnancy Factor is produced – increasing the production of hCG and therefore maintaining and increasing the level of progesterone.
Progesterone levels are critical to successful pregnancy; it makes implantation of the embryo possible, and it also supresses the maternal immune response. If/when progesterone levels fall, you get menstruation…
This is the biological version of the human laws related to marrying your first cousin.
[Yea Mark that sounds about right.
The following are some studies showing that ‘HLA molecules’ are present in human bodily fluids like sweat and urine. If that is the case then can they not do something pheromonally somehow? I guess that’s what the above-mentioned patent is all about but when will a product based on HLA molecules actually be available… plus how effective will it really be be…]
1: [J Immunogenet.](javascript:AL_get(this, ‘jour’, ‘J Immunogenet.’) 1990 Dec;17(6):387-94. [Links](javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu2096183) Characterization of soluble HLA molecules in sweat and quantitative HLA differences in serum of healthy individuals.
Muller-Ruchholtz W (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Muller-Ruchholtz+W"[Author]).
Department of Immunology, University of Kiel, F.R.G.
Soluble class I molecules were immunoprecipitated from human sweat and serum using the BB7.7 monoclonal antibody (mAb) coupled to immunomagnetic beads. Molecules were analysed biochemically on SDS-PAGE gels and finally by ID-isoelectric-focusing (IEF). Serum- and sweat-HLA IEF-band patterns of the same individual were fully identical, showing that HLA excreted in sweat possess polymorphic structures like those in serum. Quantitatively, we used a highly sensitive competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay to determine soluble class I concentrations. The first group was that of non-HLA-A9 and -Bw62 sera, which were found to contain HLA levels with a mean concentration of 0.82 +/- 0.63 microgram/ml (n = 44). However, sera that were HLA-A23 or -24 (splits of HLA-A9) contained higher levels, with a mean of 3.2 +/- 0.94 microgram/ml (n = 20). Similarly, HLA-Bw62 individuals had a higher mean of 2.05 +/- 0.65 micrograms/ml (n = 10). The difference of the HLA-A9 group to the first group was statistically highly significant, P less than 0.0001, and that of the HLA-Bw62 to the first was also significant, P less than 0.004. Individuals who were both HLA-A9 and -Bw62 (n = 5) did not express significantly higher levels than those who only had one of these specificities. Sweat HLA levels had a mean of 0.42 +/- 0.4 microgram/ml (n = 10). These results show for the first time that soluble class I peptides are excreted in relatively high concentrations in sweat and possess polymorphic structures identical to those of serum HLA and that serum HLA levels are allotype dependent.
PMID: 2096183 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
1: [J Clin Lab Anal.](javascript:AL_get(this, ‘jour’, ‘J Clin Lab Anal.’) 1994;8(6):432-6. [Links](javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu7869184) Soluble MHC class I molecules in human body fluids.
Muller-Ruchholtz W (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Muller-Ruchholtz+W"[Author]).
Institute of Immunology, Medical School, University of Kiel, Germany.
Apart from their well-known function of antigen presentation in the form of peptides, major histocompatibility antigens (MHC) have been found to be unique markers of individual body odors in murine experimental models. In the current study we examined the nature and expression of soluble human MHC class I molecules in body fluids. Biochemical analysis of affinity purified serum class I molecules revealed a variety of molecules within the molecular weight region of 45 to 21 kD. SDS-Western blotting of HLA derived from hepatocytes and spleen cells suggested that much of the small molecular mass fraction of sHLA (< 45 kD) found in serum is derived from the liver. sHLA were detected and quantitated in serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and sweat. No sHLA were detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (n = 20). In addition, sHLA was measured in serum of women during the menstrual cycle. A significant increase in sHLA was observed during the first half of the cycle, suggesting that sexual hormones may increase sHLA concentration. The observed increase was most prominent in women that were HLA-A24.
PMID: 7869184 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Muller-Ruchholtz W (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Muller-Ruchholtz+W"[Author]).
Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Germany.
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been linked to encoding for individual olfactory identity. Experiments in mice and rats proved that behavior and mating were, at least in part, determined by genes within the MHC. This study was aimed at investigating whether sHLA are excreted in human urine, saliva and sweat. In particular examination of the molecular forms in these fluids would give clues to whether break down forms of soluble MHC molecules might participate in shaping behavior. Major bands of 45, 40, and 23 kD were detectable. Increased levels of sHLA were measured using a quantitative ELISA in urine shortly before ovulation decreasing to normal levels thereafter. In animal models strain specific MHC-linked odor cues have been detected in urine. Thus, excretion of sHLA in urine might indicate a similar role for these molecules in humans.
PMID: 10386394 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2006 Feb 22;273(1585):471-8.