Hedione increases one night stands and sex behavior in women

Pheromone Science Pheromone Theory & Molecules
1

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5416707/

A genetic variant in the gene encoding the VN1R1 receptor in humans has been shown to correlate to much more sexually active behavior including the strongest correlation with increased number of one night stands, and also number of partners last year, and expected number of partners in the next 5 years. The variant was found in around 28% of women studied. Men did not show any difference, I guess we are always sexual :wink:

Both receptor versions (S-A and F-D) have been shown to be activated by the synthetic VN1R1 agonist Hedione as far as a trigger to use. Hedione is also in certain colognes such as Acqua Di Gio. It will be interesting if anything is found naturally on the body that triggers VN1R1.

The association between VN1R1 and higher sociosexual behavior was stronger in the subgroup of women who were in relationships that had endured less than 4 years. Carriers of the D-allele were less likely to be in a relationship. So possibly a woman who is in or has been generally in shorter relationships is more likely to be a carrier if you want a screening idea. Those with the D-allelle were less likely to be in a relationship so if shes single even more so.

A genetic variant in encoding the olfactory receptor OR7D4 that is activated by Androstadienone and Androstenone has been associated with a loss of receptor function, as well as with a less intense and less unpleasant perception of the Androstadienone and androstenone odors in both men and women. This variant was also studied and did not lead to changes in sexual behavior in women. This just means that the potential effects of Androstadienone and androstenone on human sociosexual behavior may not be related to OR7D4 other then how the scent is perceived.

Only five receptors have been reported to be expressed in humans, notably not in the VNO but in the main olfactory epithelium (I believe in the mucosa), and to respond in a similar way to other olfactory receptors in cell cultures.

A discussion here on Hedione :
https://pheromonetalk.com/t/revealed-the-aftershave-that-turns-women-on-guys-read-this/64168

JDubs phero evaluations
Cracking the pheromone code
2

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5411439/
https://pheromonetalk.com/t/the-smelling-of-hedione-results-in-sex-differentiated-human-brain-activity/64501

Hedione is the main sexy ingredient behind the attraction and popularity of such colognes from the past such as Creed Aventus and Eau Sauvage 1966 - ‘the aftershave that turns women on’.

However when used in combination with other pheromones, keep in mind that some newer research above indicated that Hedione also activates similar brain patterns as Androstadienone such as amygdala (emotion amplification in context settings, motivation/drive) and hippocampus (memory), increases cooperation and reciprocity, and has additional social/buffering secondary properties. There was the same sex differentiated response as well, being 10x larger in women then men for the hypothalamic region brain activation that is associated with hormonal release…it turns a woman on. For me it was able to buffer strong sexual mixes and take off their harder edge similar to Alpha Androstenol or Androstadienone. In this part it is more neutral in its effects gender wise.

This is why it had failed when tried as a universal enhancer added to all phero blends because of its buffering/social properties, similar to throwing on some Androstadienone or a social/buffer like Alpha Androstenol to a mix and just needs to be compensated for or in the right mix of other pheromones. Since its in popular colognes like Acqua Di Gio thats another reason why people have different reported experiences when adding cologne cover scents to pheromones as they are effectively adding things like Hedione or ISO E Super that modify the blend results. Even certain soaps such as Jasmine soap can do that as well.

On a basic level those who are muscular/higher dhea levels or testosterone should find they have higher adrenaline/androsterone release and hedione colognes should even work well standalone, while those with lower testosterone will want some added status/sexual mones in the mix to compensate.

3

The researchers apparently are looking for human body secretions/odors to find proof that humans communicate chemically with pheromones. Hedione is man made, however in my reading I may have come across what looks to be the best natural human trigger for VN1R1. The articles below show decanal as best agonist for VN1R1, decanal to be a human skin volatile, and is shown to be a sex pheromone in some species with a basic search of ‘decanal pheromone’. It has a low molecular weight at 156.2 g/mol, although heavier molecules such as androstadienone, androstenone, and androstenol may travel via lipocalins which are found in human sweat, skin, saliva, hair, tears etc and have been shown to work as pheromone carriers in other species such as alpha androstenol/androstenone in pigs and also others in mice as I’ve mentioned elsewhere. There is also an unidentified pheromone in tears that reduces male testesterone that may be easier to study.

https://academic.oup.com/chemse/article-pdf/31/8/E1/1041587/bjl029.pdf
For example, VN1R1 responded specifically to aldehydes with decanal as best agonist

In 96-well Ca2+ imaging FLIPR experiments, we identified specific C7-C11 aliphatics as best agonists for all five human VN1-type receptors (VN1Rs), when expressed in HeLa/Olf cells. In binary mixtures with agonists, related odorants with the same functional group, but with a carbon chain length <C7, or >C11 acted as antagonists. Related odorants with a different functional group but similar length had no effect by themselves, but potentiated the effect of the agonist. For example, VN1R1 responded specifically to aldehydes with decanal as best agonist. Hexanal and undecanal concentration-dependently inhibited the decanal responses, while decanol had no effect by itself, but potentiated the decanal response about 2- fold. Similar effects were observed with the other four human VN1Rs. Aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols, both agonists on a receptor from the main olfactory epithelium, showed synergistic action in
binary mixtures.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Concentration-profile-of-decanal-detected-in-skin-samples-of-seven-volunteers-b_fig5_233875432

The use of MCC-IMS for real-time measurements of skin volatiles revealed the detection of: 3-methyl-2-butenal, 6- methylhept-5-en-2-one, sec-butyl acetate, benzaldehyde, octanal, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanal and decanal

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014579306003188

Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) belong to the lipocalin protein transport superfamily.
OBPs bind to odorants and are good candidates for carrying airborne odorants, which are commonly hydrophobic molecules through the olfactory mucus toward the olfactory receptors. One human OBP hOBP-2A has been demonstrated to bind numerous odorants (listed in article) of different chemical classes with a higher affinity for aldehydes and fatty acids. One of those listed is decanal, which above is said to trigger V1N1R1.
They also observed that hOBP-2A and K112A mutant exhibited similar capacity to bind tridecanal (13-carbon chain length) and larger fatty acids (14- and 16-carbon length).

https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/chemse/41/2/10.1093_chemse_bjv075/2/m_chemse_bjv075_f0001.jpeg?Expires=1524715897&Signature=SZdMr-hS6vIpLzbgHVA4IYo4sLDSWalPVCGSCw93r8NhLwuC5u2MR2bwsFuGq89pZ9p6Jf0p6EajK6XCH00rB1YeuCSiNR-~3fiv17RZEm7bHRa8QzEDNbPiksWfDZlTTIXZoNI~9QQTLN-OOE7YcLFgxsXWZRR54b7f1wfHp4aBNt5xYAgJn0lGNEn-zPc0neqxhKgiWNamesIYedoj2IYGb8N26BWxZYqpuTvo1hsLEpyqJPQaxMam0fbGXnybGOq5-W1vHO9yjjppMc4poRnMYgFMuIxhsyqLVq02sL4R5oyReIC8Hh3P8xiSymE7Vn-RKq85hDgYTU8mTV~ZUQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27515280

Olfaction is a versatile sensory mechanism for detecting thousands of volatile odorants. We identified 194 non-olfactory receptor (OR) genes that are overexpressed in human olfactory tissues. The highest overexpression is seen for lipocalins and bactericidal/permeability-increasing (BPI)-fold proteins, which in other species include secreted odorant carriers. Of the overexpressed genes 36 have documented olfactory function. Many of them may be indirectly implicated in sensory function, and ~70 % are over expressed also in mouse olfactory epithelium, corroborating their olfactory role. Nearly 90 % of the intact OR repertoire, and ~60 % of the OR pseudogenes are expressed in the olfactory epithelium

Androstadienone has been shown to elicit mood effects with as little as 100 picograms, and since we use novel diffusion methods to bring it to the noses of others, phero users may want to try reduced doses <4mcg max, perhaps even 2, 1mcg or 500 nanograms as we are likely using too much causing the depression effects used too frequently. 1000 picograms = 1 nanogram. 1000 nanograms = 1 mcg. Our bodies seem to carry Androstadienone in the nanogram range in sweat, skin, and hair. Instant Female Magic apparently was around 13 mcg/spray.

4

The researchers apparently are looking for human body secretions/odors to find proof that humans communicate chemically with pheromones. Hedione is man made, however in my reading I may have come across what looks to be the best natural human trigger for VN1R1 which would make it a putative human pheromone. The articles below show decanal as best agonist (trigger) for VN1R1, decanal to be a human skin volatile, and is shown to be a pheromone in some species with a basic search of ‘decanal pheromone’. It has a low molecular weight at 156.2 g/mol, although heavier molecules such as androstadienone, androstenone, and androstenol may travel via lipocalins which are found in human sweat, skin, saliva, hair, tears etc and have been shown to work as pheromone carriers in other species such as alpha androstenol/androstenone in pigs and also others in mice as I’ve mentioned/posted elsewhere. There is also an unidentified pheromone in tears that reduces male testesterone that may be easier to study.

https://academic.oup.com/chemse/article-pdf/31/8/E1/1041587/bjl029.pdf
For example, VN1R1 responded specifically to aldehydes with decanal as best agonist

In 96-well Ca2+ imaging FLIPR experiments, we identified specific C7-C11 aliphatics as best agonists for all five human VN1-type receptors (VN1Rs), when expressed in HeLa/Olf cells. In binary mixtures with agonists, related odorants with the same functional group, but with a carbon chain length <C7, or >C11 acted as antagonists. Related odorants with a different functional group but similar length had no effect by themselves, but potentiated the effect of the agonist. For example, VN1R1 responded specifically to aldehydes with decanal as best agonist. Hexanal and undecanal concentration-dependently inhibited the decanal responses, while decanol had no effect by itself, but potentiated the decanal response about 2- fold. Similar effects were observed with the other four human VN1Rs. Aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols, both agonists on a receptor from the main olfactory epithelium, showed synergistic action in binary mixtures.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Concentration-profile-of-decanal-detected-in-skin-samples-of-seven-volunteers-b_fig5_233875432

The use of MCC-IMS for real-time measurements of skin volatiles revealed the detection of: 3-methyl-2-butenal, 6- methylhept-5-en-2-one, sec-butyl acetate, benzaldehyde, octanal, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanal and decanal

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014579306003188

Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) belong to the lipocalin protein transport superfamily.
OBPs bind to odorants and are good candidates for carrying airborne odorants, which are commonly hydrophobic molecules through the olfactory mucus toward the olfactory receptors. One human OBP hOBP-2A has been demonstrated to bind numerous odorants (listed in article) of different chemical classes with a higher affinity for aldehydes and fatty acids. Two of those listed is decanal and nonanal, which above is said to trigger V1N1R1.
They also observed that hOBP-2A and K112A mutant exhibited similar capacity to bind tridecanal (13-carbon chain length) and larger fatty acids (14- and 16-carbon length).

https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/chemse/41/2/10.1093_chemse_bjv075/2/m_chemse_bjv075_f0001.jpeg?Expires=1524715897&Signature=SZdMr-hS6vIpLzbgHVA4IYo4sLDSWalPVCGSCw93r8NhLwuC5u2MR2bwsFuGq89pZ9p6Jf0p6EajK6XCH00rB1YeuCSiNR-~3fiv17RZEm7bHRa8QzEDNbPiksWfDZlTTIXZoNI~9QQTLN-OOE7YcLFgxsXWZRR54b7f1wfHp4aBNt5xYAgJn0lGNEn-zPc0neqxhKgiWNamesIYedoj2IYGb8N26BWxZYqpuTvo1hsLEpyqJPQaxMam0fbGXnybGOq5-W1vHO9yjjppMc4poRnMYgFMuIxhsyqLVq02sL4R5oyReIC8Hh3P8xiSymE7Vn-RKq85hDgYTU8mTV~ZUQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27515280

Olfaction is a versatile sensory mechanism for detecting thousands of volatile odorants. We identified 194 non-olfactory receptor (OR) genes that are overexpressed in human olfactory tissues. The highest overexpression is seen for lipocalins and bactericidal/permeability-increasing (BPI)-fold proteins, which in other species include secreted odorant carriers. Of the overexpressed genes 36 have documented olfactory function. Many of them may be indirectly implicated in sensory function, and ~70 % are over expressed also in mouse olfactory epithelium, corroborating their olfactory role. Nearly 90 % of the intact OR repertoire, and ~60 % of the OR pseudogenes are expressed in the olfactory epithelium

Androstadienone has been shown to elicit mood effects with as little as 100 picograms, and since we use novel diffusion methods to bring it to the noses of others, phero users may want to try reduced doses <4mcg max, perhaps even 2, 1mcg or 500 nanograms as we are likely using too much causing the depression effects used too frequently. 1000 picograms = 1 nanogram. 1000 nanograms = 1 mcg. Our bodies seem to carry Androstadienone in the nanogram range in sweat, skin, and hair. Instant Female Magic apparently was around 13 mcg/spray.

5

Great findings, thanks!

6

Decanal (Aldehyde C-10) seems to be one of the best candidates for a putative pheromone candidate as it mentions it activates VN1R1 as well as additionally now can be documented that it can bind to an Odorant Binding Protein in the olfactory mucus and is found on skin and in headspace above the skin. Also nonanal (aldehyde C-9) activates VN1R1 and would be another good one to test.

https://www.academia.edu/11651006/The_human_vomeronasal_type-1_receptor_family–_detection_of_volatiles_and_cAMP_signaling_in_HeLa_Olf_cells

As far as others, The human genome has been reported to have 5 remnant genes coding for pheromone detecting vomeronasal type-1 receptors that are still functional in humans, compared with 187 of such receptors in mice. This study screened 46 odorants and some others for responses from all 5 VN1Rs receptors and would be a good guide for some putative pheromones. Androstenol, Androstenone, EpiAndrosterone, and Androsterone are included as well and show responses. C9?C10 aliphatic alcohols or aldehydes emerged as the best agonists at submicromolar concentrations above human odorant thresholds. In HeLa/Olf cells, the concentration-response relations of the most potent odorants activating VN1Rs, such as nonanal and decanal, are in the nanomolar to micromolar range. Our data demonstrate the absolute requirement of the aldehydic group for activity at VN1R1, VN1R3, and VN1R4, and the alcohol moiety for activity at VN1R2. However, the aldehyde carbonyl was not, by itself, sufficient for the activity of these 3 receptors, as several other aldehyde-containing compounds were inactive at VN1R3 and VN1R4. Similarly, the hydroxyl group was necessary for an activation of VN1R2 transfected cells but not sufficient alone to activate this receptor because linalool and carveol did not activate VN1R2.

7

Yes, Decanal (Aldehyde C-10) seems to be one of the best candidates I’ve found for a putative pheromone candidate as it mentions it activates VN1R1 as well as additionally now can be documented that it can bind to an Odorant Binding Protein in the olfactory mucus and is found on skin and in the air (headspace) above the skin. Also nonanal (aldehyde C-9) activates VN1R1 and would be another good one to test.

https://www.academia.edu/11651006/The_human_vomeronasal_type-1_receptor_family–_detection_of_volatiles_and_cAMP_signaling_in_HeLa_Olf_cells

As far as other pheromones, The human genome has been reported to have 5 remnant genes coding for pheromone detecting vomeronasal type-1 receptors that are still functional in humans in the main olfactory mucosa/epithelium, compared with 187 of such receptors in mice. This study screened 46 odorants and some others for responses from all 5 of the VN1Rs receptors and would be a good guide for some putative pheromones. Androstenol, Androstenone, EpiAndrosterone, and Androsterone are included as well and show responses to some of the receptors. C9 and C10 aliphatic alcohols or aldehydes emerged as the best agonists (triggers) at submicromolar concentrations above human odorant thresholds. In HeLa/Olf cells, the concentration-response relations of the most potent odorants activating VN1Rs, such as nonanal and decanal, are in the nanomolar to micromolar range. Our data demonstrate the absolute requirement of the aldehydic group for activity at VN1R1, VN1R3, and VN1R4, and the alcohol moiety for activity at VN1R2. However, the aldehyde carbonyl was not, by itself, sufficient for the activity of these 3 receptors, as several other aldehyde-containing compounds were inactive at VN1R3 and VN1R4. Similarly, the hydroxyl group was necessary for an activation of VN1R2 transfected cells but not sufficient alone to activate this receptor because linalool and carveol did not activate VN1R2.

8

Another method of Pheromone transport: (Lipocalin - wikipedia)
The lipocalin family has been connected with the transport of mammalian pheromones due to easily observable protein-pheromone interactions. Lipocalins have been detected as carrier proteins of important pheromones in the nasal mucus of rodents. Major urinary proteins, a lipocalin subfamily, are found in mouse and rat urine and may act as protein pheromones themselves.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ar.a.20125

They further demonstrate the similarity between human axillary secretions and nonhuman mammalian odor sources where lipocalins carry chemical signals used in pheromonal communication. In rodents (Novotny, 2003), pigs (Spinelli et al., 2002), and hamsters (Singer et al., 1989), volatile molecules appear to be bound to lipocalin proteins that transport them and are in part responsible for some of the activity. Hence, the chemistry of human axillary secretions appears to be analogous to other mammalian pheromone systems, an interesting and thought‐provoking analogy.

Humans also have lipocalin protein transporters:
http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/93/13/6626.full.pdf

A human lipocalin protein transporter, apolipoprotein D, was recently found expressed in apocrine sweat glands, and was shown to bind the axillary odorant, E-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid (E-3M2H). These results further suggest a remarkable similarity between human axillary secretions and nonhuman mammalian odor sources, where lipocalins have been shown to carry the odor signals used in pheromonal communication.

In pigs pheromones such as androstenol and androstenone are first bound to a lipocalin transporter:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6ce3/9d8255be785e67c406435ab45ca06a08e429.pdf

Low molecular mass proteins are implicated in chemical communication throughout mammalian species, and are involved in both perception and delivery of pheromonal
compounds. The submaxillary glands of the male pig secrete large quantities of saliva when aroused by female pigs. The presence of pheromones within the saliva cause oestrous sows to take up the mating stance. These pheromones are the 16-androstene steroids, 5a-androsten-3a-ol (Androstenol) and 5a-androsten-3-one (Androstenone). Biochemical studies have shown that the submaxillary glands of pigs, particularly Gottingen boars, contain a low molecular mass protein, pheromaxein, which is capable of binding these 16-androstene steroids. When the binding affinities of various steroids to pheromaxein were assessed relative to 5a-androsten-3-one (100%) at 50% binding of 5a-[3 H]androsten-3-one, all 16-androstenes tested had strong affinities for pheromaxein, with 4,16-androstadienone the highest at 176%. Other steroids, which had poor binding affinities, were saturated at the C16 position and reduced at C5. In general, 5a-androstanes bound better than 5b-androstanes.

https://pheromonetalk.com/t/human-lipocalin-protein-patents/4353

Booth and White reported a partially characterized porcine extracellular protein, pheromaxein, that binds androstenol and related steroids in boar submaxillary gland saliva (Booth and White, J. Endrocr. 118:47 (1988)). A salivary gland lipocalin, which binds 16-androstrenes, was later isolated from boar submaxillary gland (Marchese et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 252:563 (1998)). A cDNA encoding this protein, termed sex-specific salivary lipocalin (SAL), was recently reported, and shown to encode a polypeptide with high homology to the murine MUPs (Loebel et al., Biochem. J. 350:369 (2000)). It is not known whether boar SAL or pheromaxein has phermone activity itself, or only contributes to the phermone activity of cognate androstene ligands. Human homologs of boar pheromaxein or SAL have not been characterized.

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People under the influence of Hedione reacted to other peoples trust with an increase in trustworthiness and cooperation. When other participants in the experiment did not behave cooperatively, they tended more strongly to punish them. Our test persons reacted in a slightly friendlier way to friendliness and in a slightly unfriendlier way to unfair behaviour, says Sebastian Berger. These changes in reactions could be noted when the scent of Hedione was present in a room in comparison to situations in which there was no scent at all or a different floral control scent. The concentration of the scents was so low that the test people did not consciously perceive them.

The study showed that Hedione does in fact amplify reciprocity in humans, that is, a tit for tat sort of behaviour response in addition to the hormonal release in women.

These new insights on the effects of Hedione have been published in the journal Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience by the economists Sebastian Berger (University of Bern) and Axel Ockenfels (University of Cologne), and the cell physiologist Hanns Hatt (University of Bochum).

Hedione activates the VN1R1 receptor in the nose but is synthetic and doesnt occur on the body. However as mentioned I found that Decanal (Aldehyde C-10) and nonanal (aldehyde C-9) also strongly activate VN1R1 and are found on the body with a very low molecular weight, making them very good candidates for human pheromones.

They are very cheap and shelf stable. The scent is like an orange peel. Just one place below:

https://shop.perfumersapprentice.com/p-5990-aldehyde-c-10-decanal.aspx
https://pellwall.com/product/aldehyde-c10-decanal/

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Is it possible to overdose on these?

11

Some info from perfumers world as an ingredient, says it has a 9/10 performance in alcohol perfumes. Its been used in perfumes before.
https://www.perfumersworld.com/product/aldehyde-c-10-decanal-4AC00018
An extremely important component in perfumery, this fatty aldehyde is used in floral blends such as rose, jasmine and iris, in aldehydic bouquets, and in citrus fragrances, where it enhances power and diffusion. If its enhancing diffusion it must fly off easily.

It just happens I found it to also strongly activate VN1R1 when smelled, which hedione also does. And VN1R1 activation from anything says it correlates to much more sexually active behavior including the strongest correlation with increased number of one night stands, and also number of partners last year, and expected number of partners in the next 5 years. Hedione is just one known activator but is a man made chemical. Decanal and Nonanal is naturally found on the skin and can therefore be a pheromone causing effects on others. It has a very light molecular weight compared to most things we call pheromones.

I would start with the lowest doses. As far as overdose, Hedione will buffer like alpha androstenol and androstadienone so when using too much it can overbuffer a mix, potentially making you seem low status, beta/weak, or ghost you. Androstadienone shows effects as low as 100 PICOGRAMS, and while the crush effects are stronger with higher dose, so is the secondary depression effect on men. Hedione gives effects even when below the level you can detect the scent.

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Hedione is usable undiluted which makes it good even for beginners to try, just a dab of a drop or two of the solution can get you started and is cheap for those who havent yet tried it. Another option is Aqua Di Gio cologne since that has both the standard hedione as well as the hedione cis that has enhanced diffusion and a different scent. My experience has been that those with lower natural signatures that need a lot of enone/erone still are going to need some as I find this buffers a lot, as much as A1 or Alpha Androstenol, while those who od easy on none like me or come off a bit intimidating or alpha naturally can even try it solo.

Decanal is also dirt cheap and happens to be on the body naturally, so its definately a putative pheromone. It activates Vn1r1 as well which is what causes the sexual behaviour change. Its been used before in colognes at 1% and .01% diluted amounts, one guy mentioned 10% but appears to be too strong to dab undiluted right out of the bottle. Someone with more cologne experience might weight in on that, I’m just being conservative to dilute it first. Its more orange citrus which some may like more then the hedione.

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https://shop.perfumersapprentice.com/p-6100-hedione-firmenich.aspx

Hedione is usable undiluted right out of the bottle which makes it good even for beginners to try, just a dab of a drop or two of the solution can get you started and is dirt cheap for those who havent yet tried it. I used to use P96 as my go to buffer (and still do alot) since it will always fix an OD and seems to make blend molecules work better together, but hedione also buffers and like A1 should get you some DIHL type hits without the depression. Another option is Aqua Di Gio cologne since that has both the standard hedione as well as the hedione cis that has enhanced diffusion and a different scent but may overbuffer some mixes since it has alot of it and why I usually use drops. My experience has been that those with lower natural signatures that need a lot of enone/erone still are going to need some as I find this buffers a lot used solo, as much using androstadienone or Alpha Androstenol, while those who od easy on none like me or come off a bit intimidating or alpha naturally can even try it solo.

Decanal is also dirt cheap and happens to be on the body naturally, so its definately a putative pheromone. It activates Vn1r1 strongly which is what causes the sexual behaviour change as the first post mentioned. Its been used before in colognes at 1% and .01% diluted amounts, one guy mentioned 10% but appears to be too strong to dab undiluted right out of the bottle. Someone with more cologne experience might weight in on that, Definately a good one to play with if your comfortable diluting it to 1% for example to start for testing. The scent is more citrus orange if I had to describe.

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Analyses of volatile organic compounds from human skin from the upper back and forearm skin and to assess any variation across 25 healthy subjects. Collection of skin VOCs using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) will collect low molecular weight compounds that are volatile (fly off the body) at body temperature using two complementary sampling techniques, SPME and solvent extraction.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2574753/

Decanal and Nonanal are in the SPME analyses of whats coming off the skin from the back and forearm for almost every subject. Both trigger VN1R1 like hedione and are proven here to fly off the body as well. We did, however, see significantly greater amounts of nonanal (but not octanal or decanal) in older subjects (regardless of gender). No significant differences relating to gender were observed for any of the compounds present in either extract or SPME samples.

"The C8-C12 aldehydes (odd and even carbon numbers) were present in the SPME analyses for almost every subject. "

Interesting that hedione was also found to be coming off the skin in this study as well.
Methyl 2-pentyl-3-oxo-1-cyclopentyl acetate (methyl dihydrojasmonate or hedione)

C10 is Decanal, C9 is Nonanal. Top is older people, Bottom younger.

573×642 34.2 KB

VOCs from skin derive from eccrine, sebaceous and apocrine (sweat) gland secretions and their interactions with resident skin bacteria.

Sebaceous glands are concentrated on the upper part of the body. The upper chest, back, scalp, face and forehead may have as many as 400-900 sebaceous glands cm-2. Most acids, alcohols and aldehydes found in skin secretions apparently originate from the interactions between sebaceous gland secretions and cutaneous bacteria.

Apocrine glands are concentrated in the axillae, pubic area and areolas. Apocrine secretions are the chief source of underarm odorants (commonly known as body odour) and play a role in chemical signalling (for a review see Wysocki and Preti.) E3M2H is the primary in the axillae carried by odor binding proteins. Many previous studies have focused on VOCs emanating from the axillae, which reflect some contribution from all skin glands located in the axillae.

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Breaking the pheromone code:

https://www.academia.edu/11651006/The_human_vomeronasal_type-1_receptor_family–_detection_of_volatiles_and_cAMP_signaling_in_HeLa_Olf_cells

Androstenone activates VN1R1, VN1R2, VN1R3, VN1R4 and maybe a touch of VN1R5!
Alpha Androstenol activates VN1R1, VN1R3, VN1R5, maybe a touch of VN1R2
Alpha Androsterone activates VN1R2 and VN1R4
Epiandrosterone (Beta Androsterone) activates VN1R1, VN1R2 +VN1R3 a bit, VN1R5
Hedione activates VN1R1, it is not included for this study.

Note that neither Alpha Androstenol nor Epiandrosterone which is more attractive to younger <25 activate VN1R4! Androstenone and Alpha Androsterone both activate VN1R4 which are more attractive to >25 and would explain why both of those seem to be interchangable in blends. Alpha Androsterone does not activate VN1R1 and is considered less sexual of the two.
Nonanal aldehyde (c9) activates VN1R1, VN1R3, Vn1R4, VN1R5 and in that graphic shows it is almost double on the forearm of older men. Activates VN1R4 like androstenone and alpha androsterone.
Decanal aldehyde (c10) activates Vn1R1, VN1R3, VN1R5. - No VN1R4 and is not found more on older people.

Do all pheromones that exist then only activate some combination of the 5 pheromone receptors? Is it just combos of C7-C11 then doing all this, these are shown to come off the body and activate the receptors in the nose as pheromones.

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Androstadienone theoretically should activate at least VN1R1 since studies indicate similar brain activation patterns to hedione and alpha androstenol. Copulins release sex homones similar to alpha androstenol and hedione, should that then activate VN1R1?