I’m around 220 pound, 6 feet… but am quite dense, I think my bones are denser than normal, maybe a touch overweight…
I continue to refine this by titering it down… seems that minute quantities work better, around 500 micrograms… so for me a single 20 milligram capsule has 40 effective doses… even at 1-2 milligrams it can be a bit much…
From my experiences with a wide range of other cognitive enhancers/nutrients, it is safe to say that people and their brains vary widely in what may be perceived as Ye Sweet Spotte, dosage wise..
As for the copper thing, the one paper that I saw referenced was almost 15 years old, I did read some advanced biochem research published after that and there was some thinking that they (the biochem guys who did the original investigation) were actually using a similar, but not identical to PQQ molecule known as Topaquinone… which they had confused with PQQ..
Back then they believed that PQQ in the presence of the CU(II) ion could act as a carcinogen by damaging DNA… but after years of testing and scrutiny this research hasn’t (to my limited knowledge) been reproduced, and PQQ has been pretty closely studied before releasing it onto the market…
Since PQQ is manufactured by a large Japanese firm Mitsubishi I would (perhaps mistakenly) assume that they have the resources and interest in determining the safety of the molecule. One of the real target mega markets for state of the art nutrients isn’t humans, by the way, but animal feeds, because if you can tweak a feed to grow bigger animals faster you change the profit/loss equation for the industrial agriculture business…
They may have been in search of nutritional augmentation that would blast food animals into higher productivity in less time…
OTOH, I also now see Chinese biochem firms advertising PQQ and those guys worry me, esp. if they do manage to have unlisted contaminants that have this copper reactivity problem… they don’t have a reputation for being forthright about the full composition of their products… and I doubt that the purchasers who pay for encapsulation and packaging/distribution…
I.E. buy the raw powder in 25 kg. bags or drums… have the testing facilities on hand, staff technicians who know how to run a mass spectrograph, etc… and third party certificates of origin/purity are notoriously corrupt, often forged outright…
So if they are sourcing from Mitsubishi and can prove it, they’re probably OK, or if they have their own labs or a strong relationship with a US based testing lab, not just playing the game of relying on a probably bogus but sort of impressive looking certificate from who knows where, they’re probably OK…
As for Copper/Zinc… there are many schools of thought on this one, however it gets one step more tricky, in that copper is also competitive with molybdenum (used in a few enzymes in the human body)…
So probably Zinc taken with no Calcium, Magnesium either, as zinc is more competitive with Calcium in one setting and Cu/Mo at the other end of the day..